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Day 3

Prelims Paper I – General Studies

3. Indian National Movement

· Revolt of 1857

· INC

· Gandhian Era

· Constitutional Development

.

Indian National Movement (1857–1947)

1. Revolt of 1857

Background and Causes
Political Causes
Economic Causes
Social and Religious Causes
Military Causes
Immediate Cause
Centres of Revolt
Important Leaders
British Response
Causes of Failure
Consequences of the Revolt
Significance in Indian History
Historians’ Views

2. Rise of Indian Nationalism

Growth of National Consciousness
Impact of Western Education
Role of Press and Literature
Social and Religious Reform Movements
Economic Critique of British Rule
Formation of Political Associations
Indian Nationalism before INC

3. Indian National Congress (INC)

Formation of INC (1885)
A.O. Hume
Objectives
Early Leaders
Moderate Phase (1885–1905)
Methods of Moderates
Achievements and Limitations

4. Extremist Phase (1905–1919)

Causes of Extremism
Lal-Bal-Pal
Partition of Bengal
Swadeshi Movement
Boycott Movement
National Education Movement
Surat Split (1907)
Home Rule Movement
Annie Besant
Bal Gangadhar Tilak

5. Revolutionary Movement

Causes
Revolutionary Organisations
Bengal Revolutionaries
Punjab Revolutionaries
Ghadar Movement
Hindustan Republican Association
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Bhagat Singh
Chandrashekhar Azad
Kakori Conspiracy
Chittagong Armoury Raid

6. Gandhian Era (1915–1948)

Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi’s Philosophy
Satyagraha
Ahimsa
Truth

Early Movements

Champaran Satyagraha
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Kheda Satyagraha

National Movements

Rowlatt Act
Jallianwala Bagh
Khilafat Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement
Civil Disobedience Movement
Dandi March
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Round Table Conferences
Individual Satyagraha
Quit India Movement

Gandhi’s Constructive Programme

Khadi
Village Industries
Harijan Welfare
Women’s Participation
Education

7. Constitutional Developments

Regulating Act, 1773
Pitt’s India Act, 1784
Charter Acts
Government of India Act, 1858
Indian Councils Act, 1861
Indian Councils Act, 1892
Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919
Government of India Act, 1935
August Offer
Cripps Mission
Wavell Plan
Cabinet Mission
Mountbatten Plan
Indian Independence Act, 1947

8. Constitutional Committees and Reports

Simon Commission
Nehru Report
Communal Award
Poona Pact
Sapru Committee
Cabinet Mission Plan

9. Partition and Independence

Causes of Partition
Two-Nation Theory
Mountbatten Plan
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Refugee Crisis
Integration of Princely States

10. Important Personalities

Mahatma Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bipin Chandra Pal
Lala Lajpat Rai
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Dadabhai Naoroji
Annie Besant
Sarojini Naidu
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Bhagat Singh
Chandrashekhar Azad
Rajendra Prasad
C. Rajagopalachari
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

11. Women in the Freedom Struggle

Rani Lakshmibai
Sarojini Naidu
Aruna Asaf Ali
Usha Mehta
Kasturba Gandhi
Madam Bhikaji Cama
Sucheta Kriplani
Vijayalakshmi Pandit

12. Tribal and Peasant Movements

Santhal Rebellion
Munda Ulgulan
Indigo Revolt
Deccan Riots
Bardoli Satyagraha
Tebhaga Movement
Telangana Movement

13. Economic Nationalism

Drain of Wealth Theory
Swadeshi Movement
Boycott Movement
National Industries
Cooperative Movement

14. Cultural Nationalism

National Education Movement
Role of Literature
Newspapers
Art and Culture
Patriotism through Literature

15. Important Acts, Sessions and Pacts

Lucknow Pact
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Poona Pact
Delhi Pact
Lahore Session (1929)
Karachi Resolution (1931)
Faizpur Session
Tripuri Session

17. Practice Section

100 MCQs
50 Mains Questions (150 & 250 Words)
Timeline-Based Questions
Map-Based Questions

18. Revision Notes

One-Page Summary
Timeline (1757–1947)
Important Dates
Important Acts
Important Congress Sessions
Important Personalities
Frequently Asked Facts

Special Practice Set for Rajput Mother Academy

Indian National Movement

Part 1 – Revolt of 1857

MCQ Practice Set (Questions 1–20)

MCQ 1 (Easy)

Who is known as the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857?

A. Nana Sahib

B. Bahadur Shah II

C. Tatya Tope

D. Rani Lakshmibai

Answer: B

Explanation

Although Bahadur Shah II had little political power, the rebels declared him the Emperor of India, making him the symbolic leader of the revolt.

MCQ 2 (Easy)

Which among the following was the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?

A. Doctrine of Lapse

B. Heavy taxation

C. Introduction of Enfield Rifle cartridges

D. Subsidiary Alliance

Answer: C

Explanation

The cartridges of the Enfield Rifle were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, offending both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

MCQ 3 (Easy)

The Revolt of 1857 began at

A. Delhi

B. Meerut

C. Kanpur

D. Lucknow

Answer: B

Explanation

The revolt started at Meerut on 10 May 1857.

MCQ 4 (Easy)

Who led the Revolt in Kanpur?

A. Kunwar Singh

B. Tatya Tope

C. Nana Sahib

D. Begum Hazrat Mahal

Answer: C

MCQ 5 (Easy)

Who led the Revolt in Lucknow?

A. Rani Lakshmibai

B. Begum Hazrat Mahal

C. Nana Sahib

D. Tatya Tope

Answer: B

MCQ 6 (Easy)

The Revolt at Jhansi was led by

A. Rani Lakshmibai

B. Annie Besant

C. Sarojini Naidu

D. Aruna Asaf Ali

Answer: A

MCQ 7 (Moderate)

Which Governor-General is associated with the Doctrine of Lapse?

A. Lord Cornwallis

B. Lord Dalhousie

C. Lord Canning

D. Lord Curzon

Answer: B

MCQ 8 (Moderate)

Which among the following was NOT a cause of the Revolt?

A. Annexation of Awadh

B. Economic exploitation

C. Partition of Bengal

D. Religious interference

Answer: C

Explanation

Partition of Bengal took place in 1905.

MCQ 9 (Moderate)

Which one of the following regions remained largely unaffected?

A. Punjab

B. Kanpur

C. Jhansi

D. Delhi

Answer: A

MCQ 10 (Moderate)

Who was the Governor-General during the Revolt?

A. Lord Dalhousie

B. Lord Canning

C. Lord Ripon

D. Lord Curzon

Answer: B

MCQ 11 (Moderate)

Who led the Revolt in Bihar?

A. Kunwar Singh

B. Nana Sahib

C. Tantia Tope

D. Khan Bahadur Khan

Answer: A

MCQ 12 (Moderate)

Who led the Revolt in Bareilly?

A. Khan Bahadur Khan

B. Kunwar Singh

C. Nana Sahib

D. Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah

Answer: A

MCQ 13 (Difficult)

The Revolt has been described as the First War of Independence by

A. R.C. Majumdar

B. V.D. Savarkar

C. Bipan Chandra

D. Jadunath Sarkar

Answer: B

MCQ 14 (Difficult)

Which Act transferred the administration of India from the East India Company to the British Crown?

A. Government of India Act, 1858

B. Indian Councils Act, 1861

C. Charter Act, 1833

D. Pitt’s India Act

Answer: A

MCQ 15 (Difficult)

Which among the following was NOT a consequence of the Revolt?

A. End of East India Company rule

B. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation

C. End of Mughal Dynasty

D. Introduction of Separate Electorates

Answer: D

MCQ 16 (Moderate)

Who was executed after the Revolt at Delhi?

A. Bahadur Shah II

B. Tatya Tope

C. Mangal Pandey

D. Kunwar Singh

Answer: C

MCQ 17 (Moderate)

The first soldier to openly revolt against the British was

A. Tatya Tope

B. Mangal Pandey

C. Nana Sahib

D. Bahadur Shah II

Answer: B

MCQ 18 (Moderate)

The Revolt was mainly concentrated in

A. South India

B. Eastern India

C. Northern and Central India

D. North-East India

Answer: C

MCQ 19 (Difficult)

Who suppressed the Revolt at Lucknow?

A. Colin Campbell

B. Lord Dalhousie

C. Henry Lawrence

D. John Lawrence

Answer: A

MCQ 20 (Difficult)

Which statement is correct?

The Revolt of 1857 ended Company rule.
It strengthened direct Crown administration.

Select the correct answer.

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither

Answer: C

Prelims – Theme-Based Practice (Based on Last 10 Years’ Trends)

These questions reflect the style and concepts UPSC has repeatedly tested in recent years, especially statement-based and analytical questions.

PYQ Style 1

Consider the following statements:

The Revolt of 1857 received widespread support from all princely states.
Punjab largely remained loyal to the British.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both

D. Neither

Answer: B

Explanation: Several princely states, including Hyderabad, Kashmir, Patiala, and Gwalior (initially), did not fully support the revolt. Punjab remained largely loyal and supplied troops to the British.

PYQ Style 2

With reference to the Revolt of 1857, consider the following:

Doctrine of Lapse
Annexation of Awadh
Enfield Rifle cartridges

Which of the above contributed to the outbreak of the revolt?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

Explanation: All three were significant political and military causes behind the revolt.

PYQ Style 3

Which one of the following was an important consequence of the Revolt of 1857?

A. Introduction of Dyarchy

B. End of East India Company rule

C. Formation of Indian National Congress

D. Partition of Bengal

Answer: B

PYQ Style 4

Which among the following pairs is correctly matched?

Leader	Centre
Nana Sahib	Kanpur
Begum Hazrat Mahal	Lucknow
Kunwar Singh	Bihar

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 5

The Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 primarily aimed to:

A. Introduce separate electorates

B. Transfer power from the Company to the Crown and reassure Indian rulers and subjects

C. Establish the Indian National Congress

D. Introduce local self-government

Answer: B

Quick Revision Table

Topic	Key Fact
Revolt Began	10 May 1857, Meerut
Symbolic Leader	Bahadur Shah II
First Martyr	Mangal Pandey
Kanpur	Nana Sahib
Lucknow	Begum Hazrat Mahal
Jhansi	Rani Lakshmibai
Bihar	Kunwar Singh
Bareilly	Khan Bahadur Khan
Governor-General	Lord Canning
Doctrine of Lapse	Lord Dalhousie
End Result	Government of India Act, 1858
Queen’s Proclamation	1858

Not : UPSC Preparation Tip understand from AI or Pdf book within after time before time in Day 3 only

After practicing these questions, revise:

Causes of the Revolt (Political, Economic, Military, Social, Religious)
Major centres and leaders
Causes of failure
Consequences of the Revolt
Historians’ interpretations (e.g., “Sepoy Mutiny”, “First War of Independence”)

Part 2 – Rise of Indian Nationalism & Indian National Congress (MCQs 21–40)

MCQ 21 (Easy)

The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in:

A. 1883

B. 1885

C. 1887

D. 1890

Answer: B

Explanation: The Indian National Congress was established on 28 December 1885 in Bombay.

MCQ 22 (Easy)

Who is regarded as the founder of the Indian National Congress?

A. Lord Dufferin

B. A.O. Hume

C. Dadabhai Naoroji

D. Surendranath Banerjee

Answer: B

MCQ 23 (Easy)

The first session of the Indian National Congress was held at:

A. Calcutta

B. Madras

C. Bombay

D. Allahabad

Answer: C

MCQ 24 (Easy)

Who was the first President of the Indian National Congress?

A. Dadabhai Naoroji

B. W.C. Bonnerjee

C. Badruddin Tyabji

D. Surendranath Banerjee

Answer: B

MCQ 25 (Easy)

The first session of the INC was attended by approximately:

A. 25 delegates

B. 72 delegates

C. 150 delegates

D. 200 delegates

Answer: B

MCQ 26 (Moderate)

Which Governor-General was in office when the Indian National Congress was founded?

A. Lord Ripon

B. Lord Dufferin

C. Lord Curzon

D. Lord Lansdowne

Answer: B

MCQ 27 (Moderate)

Which one of the following was NOT an objective of the early Indian National Congress?

A. Promote national unity

B. Create political awareness

C. Immediate complete independence

D. Present Indian grievances before the Government

Answer: C

MCQ 28 (Moderate)

The early leaders of the Congress were known as:

A. Revolutionaries

B. Moderates

C. Extremists

D. Socialists

Answer: B

MCQ 29 (Moderate)

Who propounded the famous Drain of Wealth Theory?

A. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

B. Dadabhai Naoroji

C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

D. Mahatma Gandhi

Answer: B

MCQ 30 (Moderate)

Dadabhai Naoroji wrote:

A. Hind Swaraj

B. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India

C. Discovery of India

D. India Wins Freedom

Answer: B

MCQ 31 (Moderate)

Which among the following leaders is known as the Grand Old Man of India?

A. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

B. Dadabhai Naoroji

C. Surendranath Banerjee

D. Pherozeshah Mehta

Answer: B

MCQ 32 (Moderate)

Which one of the following was a method adopted by the Moderates?

A. Armed Revolution

B. Boycott

C. Constitutional Agitation

D. Violent Protest

Answer: C

MCQ 33 (Moderate)

Which leader founded the Servants of India Society?

A. Dadabhai Naoroji

B. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

C. Tilak

D. Bipin Chandra Pal

Answer: B

MCQ 34 (Difficult)

The Drain Theory explained:

A. Military weakness

B. Economic exploitation of India by Britain

C. Religious conversion

D. Judicial reforms

Answer: B

MCQ 35 (Difficult)

Which of the following was NOT a Moderate leader?

A. Dadabhai Naoroji

B. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

C. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

D. Pherozeshah Mehta

Answer: C

MCQ 36 (Difficult)

Who is known as the Father of Indian Nationalism?

A. Dadabhai Naoroji

B. Surendranath Banerjee

C. Tilak

D. Gokhale

Answer: B

MCQ 37 (Difficult)

The Indian National Congress initially demanded:

A. Complete Independence

B. Dominion Status

C. Constitutional and administrative reforms

D. Socialist Revolution

Answer: C

MCQ 38 (Difficult)

Which newspaper was started by Surendranath Banerjee?

A. Kesari

B. Bengalee

C. Young India

D. Amrita Bazar Patrika

Answer: B

MCQ 39 (Difficult)

Who among the following became the first Indian President of the Indian National Congress?

A. Dadabhai Naoroji

B. W.C. Bonnerjee

C. Badruddin Tyabji

D. Surendranath Banerjee

Answer: B

MCQ 40 (Difficult)

Consider the following statements:

The Moderates believed in constitutional methods.
They demanded immediate complete independence.
They emphasized petitions, resolutions, and dialogue.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B

Explanation: The Moderates sought gradual constitutional reforms and greater Indian participation in administration, not immediate complete independence.

Prelims Trend-Based Practice Questions

PYQ Style 1

Consider the following statements:

The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay in 1885.
W.C. Bonnerjee was the first President of the Congress.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither

Answer: C

PYQ Style 2

Who among the following is correctly matched with his contribution?

Leader	Contribution
Dadabhai Naoroji	Drain Theory
Gopal Krishna Gokhale	Servants of India Society
Surendranath Banerjee	Indian National Association

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 3

Which one of the following best describes the approach of the Moderates?

A. Armed struggle

B. Constitutional agitation through petitions and resolutions

C. Mass Civil Disobedience

D. Revolutionary terrorism

Answer: B

PYQ Style 4

The main objective of the early Indian National Congress was to:

A. Overthrow British rule through revolution

B. Create political awareness and seek constitutional reforms

C. Establish a socialist state

D. Demand immediate partition of India

Answer: B

PYQ Style 5

Which of the following leaders attended the first session of the Indian National Congress?

Dadabhai Naoroji
W.C. Bonnerjee
Pherozeshah Mehta

Select the correct answer:

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

Quick Revision Table

Topic	Key Fact
Formation of INC	28 December 1885
Place	Bombay
Founder	A.O. Hume
First President	W.C. Bonnerjee
Delegates	72
Governor-General	Lord Dufferin
Moderate Phase	1885–1905
Drain Theory	Dadabhai Naoroji
Grand Old Man of India	Dadabhai Naoroji
Father of Indian Nationalism	Surendranath Banerjee
Servants of India Society	Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Main Method	Constitutional agitation

Part 3 – Extremist Phase & Revolutionary Movement (MCQ 41–60)

UPSC Standard | Prelims Practice | Difficulty: Easy to Difficult

MCQ 41 (Easy)

The Extremist Phase of the Indian National Movement is generally associated with the period:

A. 1857–1885

B. 1885–1905

C. 1905–1919

D. 1919–1947

Answer: C

Explanation: The Extremist Phase began with the Partition of Bengal (1905) and continued until the emergence of Gandhi after World War I.

MCQ 42 (Easy)

The leaders popularly known as Lal-Bal-Pal were:

A. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal

B. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Bipin Chandra Pal

C. Tilak, Gokhale, Naoroji

D. Tilak, Bose, Gandhi

Answer: A

MCQ 43 (Easy)

Who gave the famous slogan:

“Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”

A. Mahatma Gandhi

B. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

C. Bipin Chandra Pal

D. Subhas Chandra Bose

Answer: B

MCQ 44 (Easy)

The Partition of Bengal took place in:

A. 1899

B. 1903

C. 1905

D. 1911

Answer: C

MCQ 45 (Easy)

Who was the Viceroy responsible for the Partition of Bengal?

A. Lord Curzon

B. Lord Minto

C. Lord Ripon

D. Lord Dufferin

Answer: A

MCQ 46 (Moderate)

The main objective behind the Partition of Bengal was:

A. Administrative convenience only

B. Promote industrialization

C. Divide and weaken the nationalist movement

D. Improve education

Answer: C

Explanation: Although the British cited administrative convenience, the partition is widely regarded as an attempt to divide nationalist forces.

MCQ 47 (Moderate)

The Swadeshi Movement emphasized:

Boycott of foreign goods
Promotion of indigenous industries
National education

Select the correct answer.

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

MCQ 48 (Moderate)

The Surat Split occurred in:

A. 1905

B. 1906

C. 1907

D. 1909

Answer: C

MCQ 49 (Moderate)

The Surat Split was mainly between:

A. Congress and Muslim League

B. Moderates and Extremists

C. Revolutionaries and Gandhians

D. Congress and British Government

Answer: B

MCQ 50 (Moderate)

The Home Rule Movement was started by:

Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Annie Besant

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither

Answer: C

MCQ 51 (Moderate)

The Home Rule Movement was launched during:

A. First World War

B. Second World War

C. Revolt of 1857

D. Quit India Movement

Answer: A

MCQ 52 (Moderate)

Which revolutionary organization was founded by Sachindranath Sanyal and others in 1924?

A. Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)

B. Ghadar Party

C. Anushilan Samiti

D. Jugantar

Answer: A

MCQ 53 (Moderate)

The Kakori Conspiracy (1925) was associated with:

A. Indian National Congress

B. Hindustan Republican Association

C. Home Rule League

D. Muslim League

Answer: B

MCQ 54 (Difficult)

Who among the following was associated with the Kakori Conspiracy?

Ram Prasad Bismil
Ashfaqulla Khan
Rajendra Lahiri

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. 1 and 2 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

MCQ 55 (Difficult)

The Hindustan Republican Association was later reorganized as:

A. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

B. Ghadar Party

C. Azad Hind Fauj

D. Forward Bloc

Answer: A

MCQ 56 (Difficult)

Who among the following threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1929?

A. Chandrashekhar Azad and Ram Prasad Bismil

B. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt

C. Rajguru and Sukhdev

D. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki

Answer: B

MCQ 57 (Difficult)

Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were executed in:

A. 1929

B. 1930

C. 1931

D. 1932

Answer: C

MCQ 58 (Difficult)

The Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) was led by:

A. Surya Sen

B. Rash Behari Bose

C. Lala Lajpat Rai

D. V.D. Savarkar

Answer: A

MCQ 59 (Difficult)

Who founded the Ghadar Party in the United States?

A. Lala Har Dayal

B. Tilak

C. Bipin Chandra Pal

D. Gokhale

Answer: A

MCQ 60 (Difficult)

Consider the following statements:

The Swadeshi Movement encouraged indigenous industries.
The Home Rule Movement demanded self-government within the British Empire.
The Surat Split strengthened the unity of the Congress.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B

Explanation: The Surat Split weakened the unity of the Congress by dividing the Moderates and Extremists.

UPSC Prelims Trend-Based Practice Questions

PYQ Style 1

Consider the following statements:

The Swadeshi Movement began in response to the Partition of Bengal.
It promoted the boycott of foreign goods.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither

Answer: C

PYQ Style 2

Which of the following correctly matches the leader with the movement?

Leader	Movement
Annie Besant	Home Rule Movement
Bal Gangadhar Tilak	Home Rule Movement
Surya Sen	Chittagong Armoury Raid

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 3

With reference to the revolutionary movement, consider the following pairs:

Revolutionary	Associated Event
Bhagat Singh	Assembly Bomb Case
Ram Prasad Bismil	Kakori Conspiracy
Chandrashekhar Azad	HSRA

How many pairs are correctly matched?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. None

Answer: C

PYQ Style 4

Which among the following was NOT a feature of the Swadeshi Movement?

A. National Education

B. Promotion of Indian industries

C. Boycott of foreign goods

D. Demand for Pakistan

Answer: D

PYQ Style 5

Who among the following is correctly matched?

Leader	Contribution
Bal Gangadhar Tilak	Swaraj is my birthright
Lala Har Dayal	Ghadar Party
Surya Sen	Chittagong Armoury Raid

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

One-Liner Revision for UPSC

Topic	Key Fact
Extremist Phase	1905–1919
Lal-Bal-Pal	Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal
Partition of Bengal	1905
Viceroy	Lord Curzon
Swadeshi Movement	Boycott + Swadeshi + National Education
Surat Split	1907
Home Rule Leaders	Tilak & Annie Besant
Kakori Conspiracy	1925
HRA	1924
HSRA	1928 (Reorganized from HRA)
Assembly Bomb Case	1929
Bhagat Singh Executed	23 March 1931
Chittagong Raid	1930
Leader of Chittagong Raid	Surya Sen
Ghadar Party	1913, San Francisco
Founder of Ghadar Party	Lala Har Dayal

Exam Tip

UPSC frequently asks:

Chronology (Partition of Bengal → Swadeshi → Surat Split → Home Rule)
Leader–movement matching
Statement-based questions on revolutionary organizations
Important slogans, organizations, and dates

Part 4 – Gandhian Era (MCQ 61–80)

UPSC Standard | Prelims Practice | Difficulty: Easy to Difficult

Coverage: Mahatma Gandhi’s arrival in India, Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh, Khilafat, Non-Cooperation Movement, Swaraj Party, Civil Disobedience Movement, Dandi March, Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Round Table Conferences, Poona Pact, Individual Satyagraha, Quit India Movement, INA, Cabinet Mission.

MCQ 61 (Easy)

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in:

A. 1913

B. 1914

C. 1915

D. 1916

Answer: C

Explanation: Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915, now observed as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.

MCQ 62 (Easy)

Gandhi’s first successful Satyagraha in India was at:

A. Ahmedabad

B. Kheda

C. Champaran

D. Bardoli

Answer: C

MCQ 63 (Easy)

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was related to:

A. Cotton mill workers

B. Indigo cultivators

C. Salt tax

D. Forest rights

Answer: B

MCQ 64 (Easy)

The Kheda Satyagraha (1918) was mainly launched for:

A. Abolition of Zamindari

B. Remission of land revenue after crop failure

C. Salt tax abolition

D. Boycott of foreign goods

Answer: B

MCQ 65 (Easy)

The Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) was associated with:

A. Peasants

B. Plantation workers

C. Textile mill workers

D. Railway employees

Answer: C

MCQ 66 (Moderate)

The Rowlatt Act (1919) empowered the government to:

A. Grant universal voting rights

B. Detain people without trial

C. Abolish land revenue

D. Introduce provincial autonomy

Answer: B

MCQ 67 (Moderate)

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on:

A. 26 January 1920

B. 13 April 1919

C. 10 May 1857

D. 12 March 1930

Answer: B

MCQ 68 (Moderate)

Who ordered the firing at Jallianwala Bagh?

A. Lord Chelmsford

B. General Reginald Dyer

C. Lord Irwin

D. Lord Curzon

Answer: B

MCQ 69 (Moderate)

The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in:

A. 1919

B. 1920

C. 1922

D. 1925

Answer: B

MCQ 70 (Moderate)

The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn after:

A. Simon Commission

B. Chauri Chaura Incident

C. Kakori Conspiracy

D. Dandi March

Answer: B

MCQ 71 (Moderate)

The Swaraj Party was founded by:

C.R. Das
Motilal Nehru

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither

Answer: C

MCQ 72 (Moderate)

The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the:

A. Champaran Satyagraha

B. Dandi March

C. Quit India Movement

D. Home Rule Movement

Answer: B

MCQ 73 (Moderate)

The Dandi March started from:

A. Sabarmati Ashram

B. Wardha

C. Bombay

D. Champaran

Answer: A

MCQ 74 (Difficult)

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in:

A. 1930

B. 1931

C. 1932

D. 1935

Answer: B

MCQ 75 (Difficult)

Which Round Table Conference was attended by Mahatma Gandhi?

A. First only

B. Second only

C. Third only

D. All three

Answer: B

MCQ 76 (Difficult)

The Poona Pact (1932) was signed between:

A. Gandhi and Lord Irwin

B. Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

C. Gandhi and Jinnah

D. Nehru and Ambedkar

Answer: B

MCQ 77 (Difficult)

Who was the first Individual Satyagrahi in 1940?

A. Jawaharlal Nehru

B. Vinoba Bhave

C. Sardar Patel

D. Rajendra Prasad

Answer: B

MCQ 78 (Difficult)

The Quit India Movement was launched in:

A. 1939

B. 1940

C. 1942

D. 1945

Answer: C

MCQ 79 (Difficult)

The slogan “Do or Die” was given during the:

A. Non-Cooperation Movement

B. Civil Disobedience Movement

C. Quit India Movement

D. Swadeshi Movement

Answer: C

MCQ 80 (Difficult)

Consider the following statements:

The Quit India Movement was launched after the failure of the Cripps Mission.
The movement demanded immediate British withdrawal from India.
Gandhi gave the slogan “Do or Die” during this movement.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 2 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

UPSC Prelims Trend-Based Practice Questions

PYQ Style 1

Arrange the following in chronological order:

Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Rowlatt Satyagraha

A. 1–2–3–4

B. 1–3–2–4

C. 2–1–3–4

D. 3–2–1–4

Answer: B

Chronology: Champaran (1917) → Ahmedabad (1918) → Kheda (1918) → Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919)

PYQ Style 2

Consider the following pairs:

Movement	Issue
Champaran	Indigo cultivation
Kheda	Revenue remission
Ahmedabad	Mill workers’ wages

Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 3

Which one of the following events led to the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

A. Simon Commission

B. Chauri Chaura Incident

C. Kakori Conspiracy

D. Dandi March

Answer: B

PYQ Style 4

With reference to the Civil Disobedience Movement, consider the following statements:

It began with the Dandi March.
Salt tax was one of its central issues.
Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 5

Which of the following events occurred in 1942?

Quit India Movement
Cripps Mission
Formation of the Indian National Army under Subhas Chandra Bose

Select the correct answer:

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

Note: The INA was first formed in 1942 by Mohan Singh. Subhas Chandra Bose assumed its leadership in 1943. UPSC often tests this distinction.

One-Liner Revision

Topic	Key Fact
Gandhi Returned to India	9 January 1915
First Satyagraha	Champaran (1917)
First Peasant Movement	Champaran
First Labour Movement	Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)
First No-Tax Movement	Kheda (1918)
Rowlatt Act	1919
Jallianwala Bagh	13 April 1919
Non-Cooperation Movement	1920–22
Chauri Chaura	1922
Swaraj Party	1923
Simon Commission	1928
Dandi March	12 March–6 April 1930
Gandhi-Irwin Pact	5 March 1931
Second Round Table Conference	1931
Poona Pact	1932
Individual Satyagraha	1940
First Individual Satyagrahi	Vinoba Bhave
Quit India Movement	8 August 1942
“Do or Die”	Gandhi
Cripps Mission	1942
Cabinet Mission	1946

Part 5: Constitutional Developments & Independence (MCQ 81–100)

UPSC Prelims Standard | GS Paper-I | Difficulty: Easy to Difficult

Coverage: Constitutional Developments (1773–1947), Constitutional Reforms, Government of India Acts, Simon Commission, Round Table Conferences, Cripps Mission, Cabinet Mission, Mountbatten Plan, Indian Independence Act, Partition of India.

MCQ 81 (Easy)

The Regulating Act was passed in:

A. 1765

B. 1773

C. 1784

D. 1793

Answer: B

Explanation: The Regulating Act, 1773 was the first major step taken by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company.

MCQ 82 (Easy)

The Pitt’s India Act was enacted in:

A. 1773

B. 1784

C. 1813

D. 1833

Answer: B

MCQ 83 (Easy)

The Charter Act of 1833 made the Governor-General of Bengal the:

A. Governor-General of India

B. Viceroy of India

C. Secretary of State

D. Commander-in-Chief

Answer: A

MCQ 84 (Easy)

Which Act transferred the administration of India from the East India Company to the British Crown?

A. Government of India Act, 1858

B. Indian Councils Act, 1861

C. Charter Act, 1833

D. Government of India Act, 1919

Answer: A

MCQ 85 (Easy)

The Indian Councils Act, 1909 is also known as:

A. Morley-Minto Reforms

B. Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

C. Ripon Reforms

D. Curzon Reforms

Answer: A

MCQ 86 (Moderate)

Which Act introduced Dyarchy in the Provinces?

A. Government of India Act, 1909

B. Government of India Act, 1919

C. Government of India Act, 1935

D. Indian Councils Act, 1892

Answer: B

MCQ 87 (Moderate)

Provincial Autonomy was introduced by:

A. Government of India Act, 1919

B. Government of India Act, 1935

C. Charter Act, 1833

D. Indian Independence Act

Answer: B

MCQ 88 (Moderate)

Which Act served as the main basis of the Constitution of India?

A. Government of India Act, 1858

B. Government of India Act, 1935

C. Government of India Act, 1919

D. Charter Act, 1833

Answer: B

MCQ 89 (Moderate)

The Simon Commission arrived in India in:

A. 1926

B. 1928

C. 1930

D. 1932

Answer: B

MCQ 90 (Moderate)

The Simon Commission was boycotted because:

A. It recommended Partition.

B. It had no Indian member.

C. It opposed provincial autonomy.

D. It abolished the Congress.

Answer: B

MCQ 91 (Moderate)

The Nehru Report (1928) was prepared under the chairmanship of:

A. Jawaharlal Nehru

B. Motilal Nehru

C. Mahatma Gandhi

D. Tej Bahadur Sapru

Answer: B

MCQ 92 (Difficult)

The Communal Award was announced in:

A. 1930

B. 1932

C. 1935

D. 1940

✅ Answer: B

MCQ 93 (Difficult)

The Poona Pact (1932) was signed between:

A. Gandhi and Lord Irwin

B. Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

C. Gandhi and Jinnah

D. Nehru and Ambedkar

✅ Answer: B

MCQ 94 (Difficult)

The Cripps Mission came to India in:

A. 1940

B. 1941

C. 1942

D. 1945

✅ Answer: C

MCQ 95 (Difficult)

The main objective of the Cabinet Mission (1946) was to:

A. Divide India

B. Frame a constitutional settlement and facilitate constitution-making

C. Introduce Separate Electorates

D. Establish Provincial Autonomy only

Answer: B

MCQ 96 (Difficult)

The Cabinet Mission consisted of:

A. Two Members

B. Three Members

C. Four Members

D. Five Members

Answer: B

MCQ 97 (Difficult)

The Mountbatten Plan was announced on:

A. 15 August 1947

B. 3 June 1947

C. 26 January 1950

D. 16 August 1946

✅ Answer: B

MCQ 98 (Difficult)

The Indian Independence Act was passed in:

A. June 1947

B. July 1947

C. August 1947

D. September 1947

Answer: B

MCQ 99 (Difficult)

India became independent on:

A. 26 January 1950

B. 15 August 1947

C. 3 June 1947

D. 26 November 1949

Answer: B

MCQ 100 (Difficult)

Consider the following statements:

The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced Provincial Autonomy.
The Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of a Constituent Assembly.
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 ended British rule in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

✅ Answer: D

Explanation: All three statements are correct and represent key constitutional milestones leading to India’s independence.

UPSC Prelims Trend-Based Practice Questions

PYQ Style 1

Arrange the following Acts in chronological order:

Government of India Act, 1919
Regulating Act
Government of India Act, 1935
Indian Councils Act, 1909

A. 2–4–1–3

B. 2–1–4–3

C. 4–2–1–3

D. 1–2–4–3

Answer: A

PYQ Style 2

Consider the following pairs:

Act	Feature
Government of India Act, 1919	Dyarchy
Government of India Act, 1935	Provincial Autonomy
Indian Independence Act, 1947	End of British Rule

How many pairs are correctly matched?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. None

Answer: C

PYQ Style 3

Which one of the following correctly matches the committee/mission with its objective?

Committee/Mission	Objective
Simon Commission	Review constitutional reforms
Cabinet Mission	Constitution-making framework
Cripps Mission	Wartime constitutional proposals

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 4

The Indian Independence Act, 1947 provided for:

Creation of India and Pakistan as two Dominions.
End of British sovereignty over princely states.
Termination of the office of the Secretary of State for India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

PYQ Style 5

Which among the following constitutional developments had the greatest influence on the administrative framework of the Constitution of India?

A. Indian Councils Act, 1892

B. Government of India Act, 1935

C. Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909

D. Government of India Act, 1919

Answer: B

Quick Revision Table

Topic	Key Fact
Regulating Act	1773
Pitt’s India Act	1784
Charter Act	1833
Government of India Act	1858
Morley-Minto Reforms	1909
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms	1919
Dyarchy	Government of India Act, 1919
Provincial Autonomy	Government of India Act, 1935
Basis of Indian Constitution	Government of India Act, 1935
Simon Commission	1928
Nehru Report	1928
Communal Award	1932
Poona Pact	1932
Cripps Mission	1942
Cabinet Mission	1946
Mountbatten Plan	3 June 1947
Indian Independence Act	July 1947
Independence Day	15 August 1947

Indian National Movement (1857–1947)

Mains Answer Writing Practice 1-2 minutes – Part 1 (Questions 1–10)

Q1. The Revolt of 1857 was the first major challenge to British rule in India. Discuss. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

The Revolt of 1857 was the first large-scale armed uprising against British rule. Though it began as a military revolt at Meerut on 10 May 1857, it soon spread across North and Central India.

Body

Why was it a major challenge?

United soldiers, peasants, zamindars, artisans, and dispossessed rulers.
Spread across Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Bareilly, and Bihar.
Challenged the political authority of the East India Company.
Bahadur Shah II was declared the Emperor of India, giving the revolt symbolic unity.
Exposed weaknesses in British administration and military control.

Limitations

No centralized leadership.
Limited participation from southern and eastern India.
Lack of modern weapons and coordination.

Conclusion

Although unsuccessful, the Revolt of 1857 marked the beginning of organized resistance against British rule and paved the way for the growth of Indian nationalism.

Keywords: 1857, Bahadur Shah II, Meerut, East India Company, Nationalism.

Q2. Examine the political causes of the Revolt of 1857. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

Political discontent created by British expansionist policies was one of the major causes behind the Revolt of 1857.

Body

Major Political Causes

Doctrine of Lapse: Annexation of Satara, Jhansi, Nagpur and other states.
Annexation of Awadh (1856): Created resentment among rulers, soldiers, and nobles.
Humiliation of Mughal Emperor: Decision to end the Mughal title after Bahadur Shah II.
Subsidiary Alliance: Reduced Indian rulers to dependent allies.
Loss of privileges: Traditional rulers and nobles lost power and income.

Impact

Alienated princes, landlords, and soldiers.
Increased anti-British sentiment across northern India.

Conclusion

British political policies undermined traditional Indian institutions, creating widespread dissatisfaction that contributed significantly to the Revolt of 1857.

Keywords: Doctrine of Lapse, Awadh, Dalhousie, Annexation, Mughal Empire.

Q3. Analyse the economic causes of the Revolt of 1857. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

British economic policies severely affected peasants, artisans, landlords, and traditional industries, contributing to widespread unrest.

Body

Economic Causes

Heavy land revenue burden on peasants.
Destruction of Indian handicrafts due to British imports.
Drain of wealth through colonial exploitation.
Confiscation of jagirs and estates.
Unemployment among artisans and soldiers.

Impact

Rural indebtedness increased.
Traditional industries declined.
Economic hardships united different social groups against British rule.

Conclusion

Economic exploitation weakened Indian society and created conditions that supported the Revolt of 1857.

Keywords: Land Revenue, Drain of Wealth, Handicrafts, Peasants, Colonial Economy.

Q4. Discuss the military causes of the Revolt of 1857. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

The immediate participants in the Revolt were Indian soldiers (sepoys), whose grievances had accumulated over several years.

Body

Military Causes

Low salaries and poor service conditions.
Discrimination in promotions.
General Service Enlistment Act (1856).
Religious concerns regarding overseas service.
Introduction of Enfield rifle cartridges allegedly greased with cow and pig fat.

Impact

Decline in loyalty towards the British.
Mutiny began at Meerut and spread rapidly.

Conclusion

Military grievances acted as the immediate trigger that transformed widespread dissatisfaction into an armed revolt.

Keywords: Enfield Rifle, Mangal Pandey, Meerut, Sepoys, Military Grievances.

Q5. Why did the Revolt of 1857 fail? Explain. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

Despite its widespread nature, the Revolt of 1857 failed to overthrow British rule due to several internal and external factors.

Body

Reasons for Failure

Lack of centralized leadership.
Absence of a common national objective.
Limited geographical spread.
Many princely states supported the British.
Superior British military resources and communication.
Poor coordination among rebel leaders.

Conclusion

Although the revolt failed militarily, it transformed British policies and inspired future generations of freedom fighters.

Keywords: Leadership, Coordination, British Army, Telegraph, Railways.

Q6. Evaluate the significance of the Revolt of 1857 in Indian history. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

The Revolt of 1857 occupies a significant place in India’s freedom struggle despite its failure.

Body

Significance

End of East India Company rule.
Government of India Act, 1858 transferred power to the British Crown.
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation promised religious tolerance and administrative reforms.
Rise of political consciousness.
Inspired later nationalist movements.

Conclusion

The revolt became the foundation upon which the modern Indian freedom movement gradually developed.

Keywords: Crown Rule, Government of India Act, 1858, Nationalism.

Q7. Discuss the role of social and religious factors in the Revolt of 1857. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

Many Indians believed that British policies threatened their social customs and religious beliefs, increasing public resentment.

Body

Factors

Fear of forced religious conversion.
Missionary activities.
Abolition of social practices without public confidence.
Enfield cartridge controversy.
General distrust of British intentions.

Impact

Hindus and Muslims participated together in several regions.
Religious concerns strengthened support for the revolt.

Conclusion

Social and religious anxieties significantly contributed to the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857 alongside political and economic causes.

Keywords: Missionaries, Religious Freedom, Cartridges, Social Reform.

Q8. Assess the contribution of Rani Lakshmibai to the Revolt of 1857. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi emerged as one of the most courageous leaders of the Revolt of 1857.

Body

Contribution

Opposed the Doctrine of Lapse.
Organized the defence of Jhansi.
Displayed exceptional military leadership.
Formed alliances with other rebel leaders.
Became a symbol of bravery and patriotism.

Conclusion

Her courage and sacrifice inspired generations of Indians and made her one of the greatest icons of India’s freedom struggle.

Keywords: Jhansi, Doctrine of Lapse, Courage, Patriotism.

Q9. Explain the role of Bahadur Shah II during the Revolt of 1857. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal Emperor, became the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857.

Body

Role

Accepted leadership at the request of the rebels.
Provided legitimacy to the uprising.
Issued appeals for unity.
Became the rallying point for many rebel groups.

Limitations

Advanced age and limited political power.
Depended heavily on rebel commanders.

Conclusion

Although his practical authority was limited, Bahadur Shah II gave the revolt a sense of unity and historical legitimacy.

Keywords: Mughal Emperor, Delhi, Symbolic Leadership.

Q10. ‘The Revolt of 1857 was a turning point in British rule in India.’ Discuss. (150 Words)

Answer

Introduction

The Revolt of 1857 marked a decisive turning point in the history of British India by changing the nature of colonial administration.

Body

Major Changes

End of East India Company rule.
British Crown assumed direct control.
Reorganization of the army.
Greater attention to princely states.
Policy of non-interference in religious matters.
Administrative and military reforms.

Conclusion

Although the revolt did not achieve independence, it fundamentally reshaped British governance and laid the foundation for India’s organized national movement.

Keywords: Crown Rule, Administrative Reforms, Army Reorganization, Nationalism.

Part 2 – Questions 11–20 with Model Answers

Q11. Examine the role of the Swadeshi Movement in strengthening Indian nationalism. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Swadeshi Movement (1905–1908) emerged in response to the Partition of Bengal. It transformed the freedom struggle from elite politics into a broader mass movement by encouraging economic self-reliance and national unity.

Body

Role in strengthening nationalism:

Promoted the boycott of British goods and encouraged the use of indigenous products.
Stimulated the growth of Indian industries and small-scale enterprises.
Fostered national education through the establishment of Indian-managed institutions.
Increased participation of students, women, and the middle class.
Inspired patriotic songs, literature, and public meetings that spread nationalist ideas.

Limitations:

Its influence was concentrated mainly in Bengal and parts of western India.
Internal differences within the Congress reduced its momentum.

Conclusion

The Swadeshi Movement laid the foundation for future mass movements by combining economic nationalism with political resistance and significantly deepening the spirit of national unity.

Q12. Analyse the causes of the Surat Split of 1907. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Surat Split of 1907 divided the Indian National Congress into Moderates and Extremists, marking an important turning point in the national movement.

Body

Major causes:

Differences over methods of struggle.
Moderates preferred constitutional methods, while Extremists supported boycott, Swadeshi, and mass agitation.
Disagreement regarding the election of the Congress President.
Growing influence of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and other Extremist leaders.
British policies encouraged divisions within the nationalist movement.

Impact:

Temporary weakening of the Congress.
Rise of revolutionary organizations.
Later reunification strengthened the movement.

Conclusion

Although the split weakened the Congress in the short term, it encouraged the emergence of diverse forms of resistance against British rule.

Q13. Discuss the contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the Indian freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the foremost leaders of the Extremist movement and played a significant role in mobilizing people for the national cause.

Body

Major contributions:

Popularized the slogan “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”
Organized Ganapati and Shivaji festivals to spread political awareness.
Supported the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements.
Founded newspapers Kesari and The Mahratta to promote nationalist ideas.
Co-founded the Home Rule League in 1916.

Conclusion

Tilak transformed nationalism into a mass movement and inspired future leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, with his emphasis on self-rule and public participation.

Q14. Evaluate the significance of the Home Rule Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Home Rule Movement (1916–1918), led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, demanded self-government within the British Empire.

Body

Significance:

Revived political activity after the Surat Split.
Spread nationalist ideas across different regions.
Strengthened cooperation between Moderates and Extremists.
Increased public participation in politics.
Prepared the ground for Gandhi’s mass movements.

Limitations:

Limited organizational reach.
Declined after the internment of Annie Besant and changing political circumstances.

Conclusion

The movement bridged the gap between constitutional politics and mass mobilization, paving the way for the Gandhian phase.

Q15. Explain the importance of the Champaran Satyagraha in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi’s first successful Satyagraha in India and marked the beginning of mass-based Gandhian politics.

Body

Importance:

Secured relief for indigo cultivators from exploitative practices.
Demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent resistance.
Enhanced Gandhi’s national leadership.
Increased public confidence in peaceful protest.
Encouraged peasant participation in the freedom movement.

Conclusion

Champaran proved that disciplined, non-violent mass action could effectively challenge colonial policies and became a model for future movements.

Q16. Discuss the impact of the Rowlatt Act on the Indian National Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Rowlatt Act (1919) authorized detention without trial and greatly intensified opposition to British rule.

Body

Impact:

Triggered nationwide protests.
Led Gandhi to launch the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Increased distrust of British intentions.
Contributed to the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.
Strengthened nationalist sentiment across communities.

Conclusion

The Act became a symbol of colonial repression and accelerated the transition from moderate politics to nationwide mass movements.

Q17. Examine the causes and consequences of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on 13 April 1919 remains one of the most tragic events in India’s struggle for freedom.

Body

Causes:

Public opposition to the Rowlatt Act.
Restrictions on political gatherings.
Rising political unrest in Punjab.

Consequences:

Widespread condemnation of British rule.
Gandhi intensified the national movement.
Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood.
Faith in British justice declined sharply.
National unity against colonial rule increased.

Conclusion

The massacre became a turning point that strengthened the demand for complete freedom from British rule.

Q18. Analyse the objectives and significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

Launched in 1920 under Gandhi’s leadership, the Non-Cooperation Movement sought to challenge British authority through peaceful non-cooperation.

Body

Objectives:

Boycott government institutions.
Promote Swadeshi products.
Encourage national education.
Achieve self-rule through peaceful means.

Significance:

Mass participation by students, workers, peasants, and women.
Strengthened national unity.
Popularized non-violence as a political strategy.

Conclusion

The movement transformed the freedom struggle into a truly national movement involving people from diverse sections of society.

Q19. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn? Evaluate Gandhi’s decision. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident, where a violent clash led to the deaths of policemen.

Body

Reasons for withdrawal:

Violence contradicted Gandhi’s principle of non-violence.
Concern about loss of discipline among protesters.
Need to preserve the moral legitimacy of the movement.

Evaluation:

Supporters viewed the decision as ethically consistent.
Critics believed it slowed the momentum of the national struggle.
It emphasized the importance of disciplined mass action.

Conclusion

Although controversial, Gandhi’s decision reinforced his commitment to non-violence, which remained central to India’s freedom movement.

Q20. Assess the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1934), beginning with the Dandi March, represented a major phase of mass resistance against British rule.

Body

Significance:

Challenged unjust colonial laws, particularly the salt tax.
Expanded participation of women and rural communities.
Attracted international attention to India’s demand for freedom.
Led to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and participation in the Round Table Conference.
Strengthened the demand for complete independence.

Conclusion

The Civil Disobedience Movement demonstrated the power of peaceful mass action and significantly advanced India’s struggle for independence.

Part 3: Mains Questions 21–30 (150 Words Each)

Q21. Explain the significance of the Swadeshi Movement in the Indian National Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Swadeshi Movement (1905–1908) emerged in response to the Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. It aimed to promote indigenous goods, boycott foreign products, and strengthen national consciousness.

Body

Significance of the Swadeshi Movement

Encouraged the use of Indian-made goods and reduced dependence on British imports.
Strengthened the spirit of nationalism across different regions.
Led to the establishment of national schools and colleges.
Promoted Indian industries such as textiles, soap, matches, and banking.
Increased public participation, including students and women.
Inspired later mass movements under Mahatma Gandhi.

Challenges

Limited participation in some rural areas.
British repression weakened the movement.

Conclusion

The Swadeshi Movement transformed Indian nationalism from elite politics into a broader public movement and laid the foundation for future struggles for independence.

Q22. Examine the causes and impact of the Partition of Bengal (1905). (150 Words)

Introduction

Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905, officially citing administrative convenience. However, many Indians viewed it as an attempt to divide and weaken the nationalist movement.

Body

Causes

Large size of Bengal Province.
British policy of “Divide and Rule.”
Growing nationalist activities in Bengal.

Impact

Launch of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements.
Growth of national education institutions.
Rise of extremist leaders.
Increased political awareness among students, women, and the middle class.
Strengthened the demand for self-government.
Annulment of the partition in 1911.

Conclusion

The Partition of Bengal unintentionally intensified Indian nationalism and became a turning point in the freedom struggle.

Q23. Discuss the role of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the foremost leaders of the extremist phase of the Indian National Movement and inspired millions with his call for Swaraj.

Body

Major Contributions

Popularized the slogan: “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”
Started newspapers Kesari and The Mahratta to spread nationalist ideas.
Organized Ganapati and Shivaji festivals to mobilize people.
Led the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements.
Founded the Home Rule League in 1916.
Promoted national education and political awareness.

Conclusion

Tilak transformed nationalism into a mass movement and inspired later leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, with his emphasis on self-rule and public participation.

Q24. Analyse the causes of the Surat Split (1907). (150 Words)

Introduction

The Surat Session of the Indian National Congress in 1907 witnessed a split between the Moderates and Extremists, affecting the unity of the national movement.

Body

Causes

Differences over methods of protest.
Extremists supported boycott and mass agitation.
Moderates preferred constitutional reforms and petitions.
Disagreement over the Congress presidency.
Ideological conflict regarding the pace of political change.

Impact

Weakened the Congress temporarily.
Increased revolutionary activities.
British administration exploited the division.
Unity was gradually restored in the Lucknow Session (1916).

Conclusion

The Surat Split reflected differing strategies rather than differing goals, as both groups ultimately sought India’s progress and self-government.

Q25. Evaluate the contribution of the Home Rule Movement to Indian nationalism. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Home Rule Movement (1916–1918), led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, sought self-government within the British Empire.

Body

Contributions

Revived political activities after the Surat Split.
Spread nationalist ideas across India.
Mobilized educated youth and middle-class citizens.
Prepared the ground for Gandhi’s mass movements.
Increased political awareness in smaller towns.
Strengthened the demand for self-rule.

Limitations

Limited rural participation.
Declined after the emergence of Gandhi’s leadership.

Conclusion

The Home Rule Movement bridged the gap between early constitutional politics and the later era of mass movements led by Gandhi.

Q26. Explain the objectives and methods of the Moderate leaders. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Moderates dominated the Indian National Congress from 1885 to 1905 and believed in peaceful constitutional methods to secure reforms.

Body

Objectives

Greater Indian participation in administration.
Expansion of legislative councils.
Reduction of military expenditure.
Civil service reforms.
Protection of Indian industries.

Methods

Petitions and memorials.
Public meetings.
Constitutional agitation.
Dialogue with the British Government.
Use of newspapers to spread awareness.

Conclusion

Though criticized for their slow approach, the Moderates laid the intellectual and organizational foundation of the Indian National Movement.

Q27. Discuss the contribution of Dadabhai Naoroji to Indian nationalism. (150 Words)

Introduction

Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the Grand Old Man of India, was among the earliest leaders to expose the economic impact of British rule.

Body

Contributions

Propounded the Drain of Wealth Theory.
Wrote Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
Became the first Indian Member of the British Parliament.
Advocated constitutional reforms.
Helped establish the Indian National Congress.
Inspired future nationalist leaders.

Conclusion

Naoroji’s economic analysis gave Indian nationalism a strong intellectual foundation and influenced later demands for self-government.

Q28. Examine the role of revolutionary organizations in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Revolutionary organizations emerged in the early twentieth century as some nationalists believed that armed resistance was necessary against colonial rule.

Body

Major Organizations

Anushilan Samiti.
Jugantar.
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
Ghadar Party.

Contributions

Inspired patriotism among youth.
Challenged British authority.
Sacrifices of Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and others became symbols of courage.
Increased pressure on the colonial government.

Conclusion

Although revolutionary activities did not achieve independence directly, they strengthened the spirit of resistance and inspired future generations.

Q29. Assess the significance of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements emerged as powerful responses to the Partition of Bengal and became important tools of the national movement.

Body

Importance

Promoted indigenous industries.
Reduced dependence on imported goods.
Encouraged national education.
United students, women, and traders.
Fostered economic nationalism.
Popularized the idea of self-reliance.

Conclusion

The movements demonstrated that economic action could become a powerful instrument of political resistance and influenced later campaigns led by Gandhi.

Q30. “The extremist leaders gave a new direction to the Indian National Movement.” Discuss. (150 Words)

Introduction

The extremist leaders transformed the freedom struggle by advocating assertive nationalism and encouraging greater public participation.

Body

New Direction

Emphasized Swaraj as the ultimate goal.
Encouraged boycott and Swadeshi.
Promoted national education.
Organized mass political campaigns.
Inspired youth through bold leadership.
Laid the foundation for later mass movements.

Limitations

Internal divisions with the Moderates.
Faced severe repression by the British.

Conclusion

The extremists expanded the scope of Indian nationalism and prepared the country for the large-scale mass movements that followed under Mahatma Gandhi.

Below are Questions 31–40 (150-word model answers) on the Indian National Movement in a UPSC GS Paper-I style. Each answer is concise, structured with an Introduction–Body–Conclusion, and suitable for your Rajput Mother Academy study material.

Part 4 – Questions 31–40

Q31. Examine the significance of the Swadeshi Movement in the growth of Indian nationalism. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Swadeshi Movement (1905–1908) emerged in response to the Partition of Bengal and became the first mass political movement against British rule.

Body

Significance:

Promoted the boycott of British goods.
Encouraged indigenous industries and handicrafts.
Fostered national education through Indian institutions.
Increased participation of students, women, and the middle class.
Strengthened the demand for self-reliance and national unity.
Inspired later mass movements under Mahatma Gandhi.

Limitations:

Largely confined to urban and educated sections.
Could not sustain its momentum due to repression and internal divisions.

Conclusion

The Swadeshi Movement transformed Indian nationalism from constitutional agitation to mass participation. It laid the ideological and organizational foundation for the later freedom struggle.

Keywords: Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, Self-reliance.

Q32. Analyse the causes and impact of the Surat Split of 1907. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Surat Split (1907) divided the Indian National Congress into Moderates and Extremists over methods of achieving political reforms.

Body

Causes:

Differences in ideology and methods.
Disagreement over the Congress presidency.
Debate on the Swadeshi and Boycott movements.
British policy of encouraging divisions.

Impact:

Weakened the Congress temporarily.
Enabled the British to suppress Extremist leaders.
Highlighted the need for unity.
Reunification occurred in 1916 through the Lucknow Session.

Conclusion

Although the split weakened the national movement initially, it also clarified ideological differences and paved the way for a broader united struggle.

Keywords: Moderates, Extremists, Surat Session, Unity.

Q33. Evaluate the contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the Indian freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the foremost leaders of the Extremist phase and played a crucial role in awakening political consciousness.

Body

Contributions:

Popularized the slogan “Swaraj is my birthright.”
Led the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements.
Started newspapers Kesari and Mahratta.
Organized Ganapati and Shivaji festivals for public mobilization.
Co-founded the Home Rule Movement in 1916.
Inspired youth toward active participation in the freedom struggle.

Conclusion

Tilak transformed nationalism into a mass movement and is rightly regarded as the “Father of Indian Unrest” by the British and “Lokmanya” by the people.

Keywords: Swaraj, Home Rule, Kesari, Lokmanya.

Q34. Discuss the objectives and achievements of the Home Rule Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Home Rule Movement (1916–1918), led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, sought self-government within the British Empire.

Body

Objectives:

Demand Home Rule.
Increase political awareness.
Unite Indians across regions.

Achievements:

Revived nationalist activities.
Expanded the Congress base.
Encouraged political participation.
Prepared the ground for Gandhian mass movements.

Limitations:

Restricted mainly to educated Indians.
Lost momentum after government repression.

Conclusion

The movement revived Indian nationalism during World War I and paved the way for the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Keywords: Home Rule, Annie Besant, Tilak, Self-government.

Q35. Explain the importance of revolutionary movements in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Revolutionary organizations emerged as a response to dissatisfaction with constitutional methods and aimed to end British rule through direct action.

Body

Importance:

Inspired patriotism among youth.
Challenged British authority.
Popularized the idea of complete independence.
Motivated future generations.
Forced the British to strengthen security measures.

Limitations:

Limited public participation.
Lack of coordination.
Severe government repression.

Conclusion

Although revolutionary movements did not achieve independence directly, they inspired courage and strengthened the national movement.

Keywords: Revolutionaries, HSRA, Patriotism, Sacrifice.

Q36. Examine the role of Bhagat Singh in India’s freedom movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

Bhagat Singh was one of the most influential revolutionary leaders whose ideas inspired millions of Indians.

Body

Role:

Member of the HSRA.
Protested against colonial repression.
Participated in the Central Legislative Assembly bombing (1929) to make a political statement without intending to cause deaths.
Advocated socialism and secularism.
Became a symbol of sacrifice after his execution in 1931.

Conclusion

Bhagat Singh’s courage, writings, and commitment to freedom continue to inspire democratic values and patriotism.

Keywords: HSRA, Assembly Bomb Case, Inquilab Zindabad.

Q37. Discuss the significance of the Ghadar Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Ghadar Movement, founded in 1913 by Indian expatriates in North America, aimed to overthrow British rule through armed revolution.

Body

Significance:

Spread revolutionary ideas among overseas Indians.
Promoted unity beyond caste and religion.
Highlighted international support for India’s freedom.
Inspired later revolutionary organizations.

Limitations:

British intelligence foiled many of its plans.
Lack of widespread support within India.

Conclusion

The Ghadar Movement demonstrated that the struggle for Indian independence had become a global movement.

Keywords: Lala Har Dayal, Overseas Indians, Revolution.

Q38. Evaluate the contribution of women in the Indian National Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

Women played a vital role in India’s freedom struggle by participating in protests, political campaigns, and social reform.

Body

Major Contributions:

Rani Lakshmibai in 1857.
Sarojini Naidu in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Aruna Asaf Ali during Quit India.
Usha Mehta’s underground radio.
Kasturba Gandhi’s constructive work.

Impact:

Expanded mass participation.
Promoted gender equality.
Inspired future generations of women leaders.

Conclusion

Women’s participation transformed the freedom struggle into a truly inclusive national movement.

Keywords: Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta.

Q39. Analyse the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose to India’s independence. (150 Words)

Introduction

Subhas Chandra Bose adopted a militant approach to achieving independence and mobilized Indians at home and abroad.

Body

Contributions:

Led the Indian National Army (INA).
Formed the Provisional Government of Free India.
Popularized the slogan “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom.”
Inspired patriotism among soldiers.
Influenced post-war public opinion and the morale of the armed forces.

Conclusion

Although the INA did not secure military victory, Bose’s leadership significantly strengthened the final phase of India’s freedom struggle.

Keywords: INA, Azad Hind, Netaji.

Q40. Evaluate the role of the Indian National Congress in the freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress became the principal organization leading India’s struggle for independence.

Body

Contributions:

Created political awareness.
Unified diverse regions and communities.
Led major movements under Gandhi.
Negotiated constitutional reforms.
Mobilized millions through peaceful mass movements.

Limitations:

Early reliance on constitutional methods.
Internal ideological differences at various stages.

Conclusion

The Congress played a central role in transforming India’s demand for reforms into a nationwide movement for complete independence.

Keywords: INC, National Unity, Mass Movement.

Part 4: Questions 41–50 (150 Words Each)

Q.41. Examine the causes of the Partition of Bengal (1905). (150 Words)

Introduction

The Partition of Bengal was announced by Lord Curzon in 1905. Officially, it was presented as an administrative measure, but it had significant political implications.

Body

Administrative Reasons

Bengal had a very large population.
The British claimed it was difficult to govern efficiently.

Political Reasons

To weaken the growing nationalist movement.
To divide Hindus and Muslims through the “Divide and Rule” policy.
To reduce the influence of educated Bengali leaders.

Economic Reasons

To weaken the Swadeshi movement and nationalist economic activities.

Impact

Beginning of the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements.
Rise of extremist nationalism.
Increased participation of students and women.
The partition was annulled in 1911.

Conclusion

The Partition of Bengal strengthened Indian nationalism instead of weakening it and became a turning point in the freedom struggle.

Keywords: Partition of Bengal, Lord Curzon, Swadeshi Movement, Divide and Rule.

Q.42. Discuss the objectives and significance of the Swadeshi Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Swadeshi Movement began in 1905 as a protest against the Partition of Bengal.

Body

Objectives

Boycott foreign goods.
Promote Indian industries.
Encourage national education.
Develop economic self-reliance.
Strengthen national unity.

Significance

Growth of Indian industries.
Revival of handloom and khadi.
Increased political awareness.
Participation of women and students.
Foundation for later mass movements.

Conclusion

The Swadeshi Movement transformed the freedom struggle into a broader national movement and inspired future campaigns.

Keywords: Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, Self-Reliance.

Q.43. Analyse the contribution of Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the Indian National Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the foremost leaders of the Extremist phase and is remembered as the “Father of Indian Unrest” by some British writers.

Body

Major Contributions

Popularized the slogan: “Swaraj is my birthright.”
Led the Swadeshi Movement.
Started the newspapers Kesari and Mahratta.
Introduced Ganapati and Shivaji festivals for political awareness.
Founded the Home Rule League in 1916.

Significance

Inspired youth participation.
Promoted national pride.
Strengthened the demand for self-rule.

Conclusion

Tilak’s leadership transformed Indian nationalism into a mass political movement and influenced future leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi.

Keywords: Tilak, Swaraj, Home Rule League, Kesari.

Q.44. Explain the causes and consequences of the Surat Split (1907). (150 Words)

Introduction

The Surat Split of 1907 divided the Indian National Congress into Moderates and Extremists.

Body

Causes

Differences over methods of protest.
Disagreement regarding the Congress President.
Conflict over the Swadeshi and Boycott programmes.

Consequences

Weakening of the Congress.
Temporary decline in nationalist unity.
British government benefited from the division.
Extremist leaders continued independent political work.

Conclusion

Although the split weakened the Congress temporarily, both groups later united to strengthen the national movement.

Keywords: Surat Split, Moderates, Extremists, Congress.

Q.45. Evaluate the role of the Home Rule Movement in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Home Rule Movement was launched in 1916 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant to demand self-government.

Body

Objectives

Demand Home Rule within the British Empire.
Increase political awareness.
Expand the freedom movement beyond major cities.

Achievements

Revived the national movement.
Increased public participation.
Prepared the ground for Gandhian mass movements.
Promoted unity among nationalist leaders.

Conclusion

The Home Rule Movement acted as a bridge between the Extremist phase and Gandhi’s leadership, strengthening the demand for self-government.

Keywords: Home Rule, Annie Besant, Tilak, Self-Government.

Q.46. Discuss the importance of revolutionary movements in India’s freedom struggle. (150 Words)

Introduction

Alongside constitutional and non-violent methods, revolutionary groups also challenged British rule through armed resistance.

Body

Major Contributions

Inspired patriotism among youth.
Exposed the weaknesses of British rule.
Sacrifices of revolutionaries motivated the nation.
Internationalized India’s freedom struggle.

Limitations

Limited public support.
Lack of coordination.
Strong British repression.

Conclusion

Though limited in immediate success, revolutionary movements significantly strengthened nationalist spirit and inspired generations.

Keywords: Revolutionaries, Patriotism, HSRA, Ghadar.

Q.47. Examine the contribution of Bhagat Singh to the Indian National Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

Bhagat Singh was one of the most influential revolutionaries of India’s freedom struggle.

Body

Major Contributions

Member of HSRA.
Participated in the Assembly Bomb Case (1929).
Advocated revolutionary nationalism and socialism.
Inspired youth through his writings.
Accepted martyrdom with courage.

Significance

Became a symbol of sacrifice.
Strengthened anti-colonial sentiment.
Inspired future freedom fighters.

Conclusion

Bhagat Singh’s courage, ideas, and sacrifice continue to inspire citizens to uphold justice, equality, and patriotism.

Keywords: Bhagat Singh, HSRA, Martyrdom, Revolution.

Q.48. Explain the role of the Ghadar Movement in India’s struggle for independence. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Ghadar Movement was founded in 1913 by Indian expatriates in North America to end British rule through armed revolution.

Body

Objectives

Achieve complete independence.
Organize overseas Indians.
Encourage revolt among Indian soldiers.

Contributions

Spread nationalist ideas globally.
Inspired revolutionary activities in India.
Strengthened international support for India’s freedom struggle.

Limitations

British intelligence suppressed the movement.
Plans for armed revolt largely failed.

Conclusion

Although unsuccessful militarily, the Ghadar Movement promoted global awareness of India’s freedom struggle.

Keywords: Ghadar Party, Lala Har Dayal, Overseas Indians.

Q.49. Discuss the significance of the revolutionary organizations in India’s freedom movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

Revolutionary organizations complemented constitutional and mass movements by promoting direct resistance against colonial rule.

Body

Major Organizations

Anushilan Samiti.
Jugantar.
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

Contributions

Encouraged youth participation.
Demonstrated resistance to colonial oppression.
Inspired patriotism and sacrifice.
Kept nationalist sentiment alive during periods of political inactivity.

Conclusion

These organizations played an important supporting role by sustaining the spirit of resistance against British rule.

Keywords: HRA, HSRA, Anushilan Samiti, Jugantar.

Q.50. Evaluate the contribution of the Extremist leaders to the Indian National Movement. (150 Words)

Introduction

The Extremist leaders transformed the Indian National Movement by advocating assertive methods and demanding Swaraj.

Body

Major Leaders

Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Lala Lajpat Rai.
Bipin Chandra Pal.

Contributions

Popularized the demand for Swaraj.
Promoted Swadeshi and Boycott.
Encouraged national education.
Mobilized students, youth, and the middle class.
Strengthened national self-confidence.

Evaluation
While their methods differed from those of the Moderates, they broadened the freedom movement and prepared the ground for Gandhian mass struggles.

Conclusion

The Extremist leaders infused the national movement with courage, self-reliance, and mass participation, making them pivotal figures in India’s journey to independence.

Keywords: Lal-Bal-Pal, Swaraj, Swadeshi, Nationalism.

Indian National Movement

Map-Based Questions & Answers

Question 1

Identify the places marked A, B, C, and D on the map related to the Revolt of 1857.

A – Meerut

B – Delhi

C – Kanpur

D – Lucknow

Answer

Place	Historical Importance
Meerut	Revolt of 1857 began on 10 May 1857
Delhi	Bahadur Shah Zafar declared Emperor of India
Kanpur	Led by Nana Sahib
Lucknow	Begum Hazrat Mahal led the resistance

UPSC Fact

Meerut is considered the starting point of the Revolt of 1857.

Question 2

Locate the following centres of the Revolt of 1857 on the map:

Jhansi
Gwalior
Bareilly
Arrah

Answer

Place	Leader
Jhansi	Rani Lakshmibai
Gwalior	Tantia Tope & Rani Lakshmibai
Bareilly	Khan Bahadur Khan
Arrah	Kunwar Singh

UPSC Tip

Eastern India (Arrah) was one of the important centres under Kunwar Singh.

Question 3

Match the Indian National Congress Sessions with their locations.

Session	Place
First INC Session (1885)	?
Surat Split (1907)	?
Lucknow Pact (1916)	?
Lahore Session (1929)	?

Answer

Session	Place
First Session	Bombay (Mumbai)
Surat Split	Surat
Lucknow Pact	Lucknow
Lahore Session	Lahore (Pakistan)

UPSC Fact

The Lahore Session declared Poorna Swaraj.

Question 4

On the map, identify the cities associated with Mahatma Gandhi’s major movements.

Champaran
Ahmedabad
Kheda
Dandi

Answer

Place	Movement
Champaran	Indigo Satyagraha (1917)
Ahmedabad	Mill Workers Strike
Kheda	Peasant Satyagraha
Dandi	Salt March

Question 5

Mark the following places related to revolutionary activities.

Kakori
Chittagong
Alipore
Muzaffarpur

Answer

Place	Event
Kakori	Kakori Train Robbery
Chittagong	Armoury Raid
Alipore	Bomb Case
Muzaffarpur	Kingsford Bomb Incident

Question 6

Identify the locations associated with constitutional developments.

Allahabad
Karachi
Lahore
Delhi

Answer

Place	Event
Allahabad	Nehru Report debates & political conferences
Karachi	Fundamental Rights Resolution (1931)
Lahore	Poorna Swaraj Resolution
Delhi	Government of India Acts implemented; Constitutional administration

Question 7

Identify the route of the Salt March on the map.

Question

The Salt March started from which place and ended at which coastal village?

Answer

Start:
Sabarmati Ashram (Ahmedabad)

End:
Dandi (Navsari District, Gujarat)

Distance:
Approximately 390 km

Year:
1930

Question 8

Locate the following important Congress Session venues.

Haripura
Tripuri
Faizpur
Belgaum

Answer

Place	Significance
Haripura	Subhas Chandra Bose became INC President
Tripuri	Bose re-elected; conflict with Gandhi group
Faizpur	First rural Congress Session
Belgaum	Only session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi

Question 9

Match the following leaders with their regions.

Leader	Region
Bal Gangadhar Tilak	?
Lala Lajpat Rai	?
Bipin Chandra Pal	?
Gopal Krishna Gokhale	?

Answer

Leader	Region
Bal Gangadhar Tilak	Maharashtra (Pune)
Lala Lajpat Rai	Punjab
Bipin Chandra Pal	Bengal
Gopal Krishna Gokhale	Maharashtra

Question 10

Locate the following places connected with the Quit India Movement.

Mumbai
Patna
Satara
Ballia

Answer

Place	Significance
Mumbai	Quit India Resolution passed at Gowalia Tank Maidan (August Kranti Maidan)
Patna	Major student-led movement and protests
Satara	Parallel Government (Prati Sarkar) established
Ballia	Parallel Government under Chittu Pandey

UPSC Prelims Practice (Map-Based MCQs)

Q1.

The Revolt of 1857 first broke out at:

A. Delhi

B. Kanpur

C. Meerut

D. Lucknow

Answer: C. Meerut

Q2.

The Dandi March ended in which present-day state?

A. Maharashtra

B. Gujarat

C. Goa

D. Rajasthan

Answer: B. Gujarat

Q3.

The Congress Session that adopted the Poorna Swaraj Resolution was held at:

A. Karachi

B. Surat

C. Lahore

D. Bombay

Answer: C. Lahore

Q4.

The first rural session of the Indian National Congress was held at:

A. Haripura

B. Faizpur

C. Lucknow

D. Surat

Answer: B. Faizpur

Q5.

Which revolutionary movement is associated with Chittagong?

A. Kakori Conspiracy

B. Bombing of Central Assembly

C. Chittagong Armoury Raid

D. Indigo Revolt

Answer: C. Chittagong Armoury Raid

Rajput Mother Academy

Day 3: UPSC Civil Services Exam Pattern Explained (Prelims, Mains & Personality Test) | 180 Days Free UPSC Course for Rajput Students

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